Giles Milton is best known for his 1999 bestselling title, Nathaniel’s Nutmeg, a historical account of the violent struggle between the English and Dutch for control of the world supply of nutmeg in the early 17th century. The book was serialized by BBC Radio 4.

Nathaniel's Nutmeg was followed by Big Chief Elizabeth, Samurai William and White Gold, books of narrative non fiction which took as their subject matter the pioneering English adventurers in Asia, North Africa and the New World.

Milton's 2008 title, Paradise Lost, Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islam’s City of Tolerance, investigated a pivotal moment in twentieth century history. The bloody sacking of Smyrna in September, 1922, and subsequent expulsion of 1,300,000 Orthodox Greeks from Turkey and 350,000 Muslims from Greece is recounted through the eyes of the Levantine community. The book won plaudits for its impartial approach to a contentious episode of history.

Giles Milton is a regular guest speaker at literary festivals both in the UK and abroad. He is represented by the literary agents A.P.Watt.

Milton was educated at Latymer Upper School and the University of Bristol. He lives in London and Burgundy and is married to the artist and illustrator, Alexandra Milton.He has three daughters.

Giles Milton's non-fiction titles display a particular interest in the lesser known adventurers of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Milton investigates the ill-treatment of indigenous populations as the first English merchants and traders moved into newly colonized lands.

The books draw on unpublished source material — diaries, journals and private letters — as well as archival documentation kept by the East India Company and now housed in the British Library.

The author also cites contemporary published accounts, notably the 1589 anthology, The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation by Richard Hakluyt and Purchas, his Pilgrimage; or, Relations of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages, 1613, by Samuel Purchas.

In researching his 2008 work, Paradise Lost, Smyrna 1922, Milton collected an extensive archive of unpublished diaries and private letters written by the Levantines of Smyrna.

Giles Milton's forthcoming title, Wolfram: The Boy who went to War, (to be published in February, 2011) is an account of the wartime experiences of the author's German father-in-law, Wolfram Aichele. The narrative of Wolfram Aichele's experiences in the Ukraine, in Normandy, and as a prisoner-of-war in England and America is based upon wartime letters, diaries and interviews.

Non-fiction

• The Riddle and the Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, 1996
• Nathaniel's Nutmeg: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History, 1999
• Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America, 2000
• Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan, 2002
• White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves, 2005
• Smyrna 1922, 2008

Novels

• Edward Trencom's Nose: A Novel of History, Dark Intrigue, and Cheese, 2007
• According to Arnold: A Novel of Love and Mushrooms, 2009

Children's books

• Call Me Gorgeous, 2009, Alexandra Milton, illustrator.
• Zebedee's Zoo, 2009, Kathleen McEwen, illustrator.

Giles Milton's debut non fiction title, The Riddle and the Knight, is a work of historical detection. It follows the trail of Sir John Mandeville, a medieval knight who claimed to have undertaken a thirty-four year voyage through scores of little known lands, including Persia, Arabia, Ethiopia, India, Sumatra and China. Mandeville subsequently wrote a book about his odyssey: it is widely known as The Travels.

The Riddle and the Knight investigates Sir John Mandeville's purported voyage and the shadowy personal biography of the knight himself. It contends that the widely held assertion — that Mandeville's real identity was John de Bourgogne — is based on a flawed testimony of the chronicler John d'Outremeuse.

The book asserts that Mandeville's autobiographical portrait — in which he claims to be a knight living in St Albans - is probably correct. It also contends that Mandeville was forced to flee his native England when his overlord, Humphrey de Bohun, led a troubled rebellion against King Edward II.

The Riddle and the Knight concludes that the greater part of Mandeville's voyage is fabricated or compiled from earlier sources, notably Odoric of Pordenone, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine and Vincent de Beauvais. In spite of Mandeville's extensive borrowings from other works, Milton offers a reappraisal of Mandeville's place in the history of exploration. Mandeville's Travels captured the imagination of the medieval world and was a source of inspiration to Christopher Columbus as well as notable figures from the Elizabethan era, including Sir Walter Ralegh and Sir Martin Frobisher.

Milton assesses Mandeville's influence on English literature. William Shakespeare, John Milton, and John Keats turned to the Travels for inspiration and until the Victorian era it was Sir John Mandeville, not Geoffrey Chaucer who was known as the 'father of English prose'. Milton's book seeks to restore Mandeville to his literary pedestal, as well as advancing the thesis that he should also be considered the father of exploration.

Nathaniel's Nutmeg follows the bloody and often surprising battles between English and Dutch merchant adventurers as they competed for control of the world supply of nutmeg.

Nutmeg commanded fabulous prices in the 17th century, because it was widely (but erroneously) believed to have powerful medical properties.

It only grew on the remote Banda Islands in the East Indies: by the early 18th century, there arose a stiff and murderous competition between the East India Company and its Dutch equivalent, the Dutch East India Company or VOC, to capture these islands and exploit their annual harvest of nutmeg for massive financial gain.

By 1616, the Dutch had seized all of the principal islands, leaving Run as the only one not in their control. On Christmas Day, 1616, the English adventurer (and East India Company employee) Nathaniel Courthope stepped ashore and persuaded the native islanders to grant him an exclusive monopoly over their annual nutmeg harvest.

The agreement that was signed with the local chieftains did far more than that: the document effectively ceded the islands of Run and Ai to England in perpetuity.

'And whereas King James by the grace of God is King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, is also by the mercy of God King of Pooloway (Ai Island) and Poolarun (Run Island).'

For the next five years, Courthope and his band of starving followers were besieged by a Dutch force one hundred times greater.

The Dutch eventually captured Run and killed Courthope. But the English, smarting over their loss of Run, eventually responded by attacking and capturing the Dutch-controlled island of Manhattan.

The ensuing negotiations between the Dutch and English would see the latter relinquish their territoirial claim to the island of Run. In return, the Dutch ceded New Amsterdam to England. It was soon renamed New York City.

Big Chief Elizabeth relates the early attempts by Elizabethan adventurers to colonize the North American continent.

The book takes its title from the Algonquian Indian word ‘weroanza’, used by the indigenous population in reference to Queen Elizabeth I.

The book focuses on the pioneering expedition of 1585 to colonize Roanoke Island in what is now North Carolina — an expedition that was financed and backed by the Elizabethan courtier and adventurer, Sir Walter Raleigh.

The historical reconstruction of the attempted settlement makes extensive use of eyewitness accounts written by those who occupied senior positions in Raleigh’s expedition — notably Sir Richard Grenville, Ralph Lane, John White and Thomas Harriot.

Big Chief Elizabeth details the hardships faced by the colonists as they struggled to survive an increasingly hostile environment.

It also seeks to explain the enduring mystery of the lost colonists — 115 men, women and children left behind on Roanoke Island when John White returned to England for help.

The book records the attempts of the Jamestown settlers to find the lost colonists, providing a picture of daily life in the early years of Jamestown and assessing the role of tobacco in guaranteeing the ultimate survival of the colony.

Samurai William is an historical portrayal of the life and adventures of William Adams — an Elizabethan adventurer who was shipwrecked in Japan in 1600. William Adams's story inspired the 1975 best-selling novel, Shogun by James Clavell.

Samurai William recounts the often colorful history of early European contacts with the Japanese shogun and the ultimately doomed attempts of the English East India Company to forge profitable trading links with Japan.

William Adams set sail from Rotterdam in 1598, having been employed as pilot on the Dutch ship Liefde (Love). The Liefde was one of five vessels whose ostensible purpose was to head for the Spice Islands or Maluku Islands of the East Indies. But the expedition's financiers also encouraged their captains to attack and ransack Spanish possessions on the coast of South America.

The fleet was scattered as it emerged through the Strait of Magellan and into the Pacific Ocean. The captain and crew of the Liefde — concerned that their cargo of broadcloth would not have a ready market in the tropical Spice Islands — took the extraordinary decision to head to Japan, a land of which they were wholly ignorant.

The voyage was fraught with hardship and suffering: atrocious weather and diminishing supplies soon have a deleterious effect on the men's health.

On 12 April 1600, William Adams sighted the coast of Japan: by this time, only 24 crew members were still alive.

Samurai William makes use of original source documents — including manuscript letters and journals — to construct a vivid portrayal of Adams's two decades in Japan. The book reveals Adams's personal skill in dealing the Japanese and suggests that he was adept at adapting to Japanese culture. He helped his cause by deliberately creating a divide between himself and the Portuguese Jesuit missionaries who were becoming increasingly unpopular in Japanese courtly circles.

Adams soon came to the attention of the ruling shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, for whom he built two European style sailing vessels. Ieyasu rewarded Adams with gifts — including a country estate near the imperial capital of Edo. Adams was also honored with the title of hatamoto or bannerman, a prestigious position that made him a direct retainer of the shogun's court. It also linked Adams to the warrior class that had dominated Japanese history for centuries: all of Adams's fellow hatamoto were samurai.

Adams was by now living like the native Japanese. He spoke the language fluently, wore a courtly kimono and changed his name to Miura Anjin (Mr Pilot). He also married a Japanese woman of good birth, even though he had left behind a wife and daughter in England.

Much of Samurai William deals with the ultimately doomed attempts of the East India Company to make use of Adams's influence at court in order to open a trading station at Hirado in south-west Japan. The account of life in Hirado is told through original sources — notably the personal diary of Richard Cocks, head of the factory in Hirado, and the journal of Captain John Saris, commander of the ship that brought the East India Company merchants to Japan.

The author quotes widely from original documents now housed in the British Library: these were edited and published by Anthony Farrington in his The English Factory in Japan.

Samurai William provides an account of Adams's death in May, 1620, and the sorry decline of the doomed trading post. It ends with the brutal suppression of Christianity in Japan and the closure of the country to foreign trade for more than two centuries.

White Gold investigates the white slave trade in North Africa — a trade that saw almost one million Europeans enslaved between 1600 and 1800.

The author reconstructs the voyage of an English ship, the Francis, which was captured by Barbary corsairs in 1716. He investigates the fate of the captured crew, focusing on the cabin boy, Thomas Pellow, who was to be enslaved at the court of the Moroccan sultan for the next twenty three years.

The sultan, Mulay Ismail was to prove a cruel and capricious master: he was in the midst of constructing a vast imperial palace to adorn his capital, Meknes. The palace was being built as a conscious attempt by Mulay Ismail to outshine his French contemporary, King Louis XIV, whose Palace of Versailles had been completed a few years earlier.

Sultan Mulay Ismail's slaves — among them Thomas Pellow and his 51 shipmates — were compelled to work on the palace's construction. It was grueling physical labour made worse by the brutal slave drivers who beat any slave who slacked in his work.

Milton's narrative draws on original documents, unpublished diaries and manuscript letters housed in The National Archives and the British Library manuscript collection. White Gold also makes use of the published narrative written by Pellow himself.

White Gold reveals a slave trade that mirrors its black counterpart in the cruelty and degradation of individuals. Milton focuses on the Moroccan slave markets of Salé and Meknes, where slaves were fattened up before being sold at auction.

One English slave, Abraham Browne, left a detailed account of his life in the days prior to being sold. He was fed 'fresh vitteles [victuals] once a daye and sometimes twice in abondance, with good white breade from the market place.' Browne correctly surmised that the bread was 'to feed us up for the markett [so] that we might be in some good plight agaynst the day wee weare to be sold.' Once bought, most slaves never again saw freedom. The vast majority were to die in captivity.

Thomas Pellow was to have a different fate in store. Plucky, resourceful and adept at surviving the cruel whims of his master, he would eventually escape and make his return to England. He found passage aboard a ship bound for Penryn, Cornwall. When he arrived home in 1738, 23 years after leaving home, Pellow's parents did not recognize their son.

White Gold offers a reassessment of the scale and brutality of the white slave trade and seeks to place it within its historical context.

Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922 is Giles Milton’s fifth work of narrative history. It is a graphic account of the sack of Smyrna (modern Izmir) in 1922.

The story of the destruction of the second city in Ottoman Turkey and subsequent exodus of two million Greeks from Anatolia and elsewhere is told through the eyewitness accounts of those who were there.

The author makes particular use of unpublished diaries and letters written by Smyrna’s Levantine elite: he contends that their voices are among the few impartial ones in a highly contentious episode of history.

The book has won plaudits for its historical balance: it has been published in both Turkish and Greek. The Greek edition has received widespread coverage in the Greek press.

The book received publicity in the USA when the New York Times revealed that Presidential candidate John McCain was reading it while on the campaign trail in 2008.

Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922 featured on a 2008 list of books considered by David Cameron’s Conservative Party to be essential reading by any prospective Member of Parliament.

Smyrna occupied a unique position in the Ottoman Empire. Cosmopolitan, rich and tolerant in matters of religion, she was the only city in Turkey with a majority Christian population.

Her unusual demographic had earned her the epithet ‘giaour’ or ‘infidel’.

Tensions between Smyrna's Christians and Muslims had first been inflamed by the First Balkan War of 1912—1913. These tensions were to increase dramatically during the First World War. The majority of Smyrna’s population — including the city’s politically astute governor, Rahmi Bey — favoured the Allied cause. They hoped that Turkey, along with her Central Powers partners, would lose the war.

Smyrna’s delicate political position in the Ottoman Empire was to be a subject of intense debate at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Greece’s Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, had long dreamed of incorporating the city into a newly revived Greek Empire in Asia Minor — the so-called Megali Idea or Great Idea.

Venizelos argued his case with considerable aplomb: American President Woodrow Wilson and Britain’s Prime Minister David Lloyd George eventually consented to Greek troops being landed in Smyrna.

Paradise Lost chronicles the violence that followed the Greek landing through the eyewitness accounts of the Levantine community. The author offers a reappraisal of Smyrna’s first Greek governor, Aristidis Stergiadis, whose impartiality towards both Greeks and Turks won him considerable enmity amongst the local Greek population.

The Greek army was despatched into the interior of Anatolia in an attempt to crush the fledgling army of the Turkish Nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal. The book provides a graphic account of this doomed military campaign: by the summer of 1922, the Greek army was desperately short of supplies, weaponry and money. Kemal seized the moment and attacked.

The third section of Paradise Lost is a day-by-day account of what happened when the Turkish army entered Smyrna. The narrative is constructed from accounts written principally by Levantines and Americans who witnessed the violence first hand.

The author seeks to apportion blame and discover who started the conflagration that was to cause the city’s near-total destruction.

Paradise Lost also investigates the cynical role played by the commanders of the 21 Allied battleships in the bay of Smyrna. They were under orders to rescue only their own nationals, abandoning to their fate the hundreds of thousands of Greeks and Armenian refugees gathered on the quayside.

Many were saved only when a lone American charity worker named Asa Jennings commandeered a fleet of Greek ships and ordered them to sail into the bay of Smyrna.

Jennings mission was, contends Milton, one of the greatest humanitarian rescue missions of the 20th century.

Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922 ends with the exodus of two million Greeks from Turkey and the expulsion of 400,000 Turks from Greece — an exchange of population that was enshrined in law in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.

The Riddle and the Knight

Bernard Hamilton, writing in the Times Literary Supplement, noted: 'Although he [Milton] makes no claim to be writing an academic study... he has clearly done a good deal of research into published sources and unpublished records.' He adds: 'Were Sir John alive today, I am sure he would have read Milton's book.'

Anthony Sattin, writing in The Sunday Times, said of the book: 'In the style of true medieval quest, each answer poses another question.' He added: 'The one thing that is irrefutably clear by the final page is that Mandeville's argument that the world was round had an enormous influence on the age of exploration.'

Jason Goodwin, reviewing the book in Punch magazine, concluded: 'We travel with him [Milton] in the end because he has done his research in the British Library... Milton has scaled a mountain of research, and the twist he gives Mandeville's story is made with elegance and conviction.'

But Philip Glazebrook, writing in The Spectator, felt that Sir John Mandeville remained a shadowy figure, in spite of Milton's best efforts. 'The trouble is, I never really believed in Sir John, could never visualise him, never feel an intriguing presence at the heart of the book.'

Nathaniel's Nutmeg

Martin Booth, writing of Giles Milton’s book in The Times, concluded: ‘His research is impeccable and his narrative reads in part like a modern-day Robert Louis Stevenson novel.’

Nicholas Fearn in The Independent on Sunday wrote: ‘This book is a magnificent piece of popular history. It is an English story, but its heroism is universal. This is a book to read, reread, then, aside from the X-rated penultimate chapter, read again to your children.’

In The Spectator, Philip Hensher wrote: ‘To write a book which makes the reader, after finishing it, sit in a trance, lost in his passionate desire to pack a suitcase and go, somehow, to the fabulous place — that, in the end, is something one would give a sack of nutmegs for.’

Time Magazine said of Nathaniel’s Nutmeg: ‘Milton spins a fascinating tale of swashbuckling adventure, courage and cruelty, as nations and entrepreneurs fought for a piece of the nutmeg action.’

Big Chief Elizabeth

Janet Maslin, writing in The New York Times, commented: ‘In an exceptionally pungent, amusing and accessible historical account, Giles Milton brings readers right into the midst of these colonists and their daunting American adventure... there’s no question that Mr Milton’s research has been prodigious and that it yields an entertaining, richly informative look at the past.’ 23/11/2000.

Many reviews — among them those published by the above-mentioned The New York Times, The Daily Mail, The Times, The Financial Times The New Statesman and The Observer — singled out Milton’s exceptional talent in making use of original source material.

In Britain’s Daily Mail, Peter Lewis wrote: ‘This grippingly told true adventure story is made all the more immediate by using lavish quotations in wild Elizabethan spelling.’

The Spectator also praised the author for bringing history to life. ‘Milton has a terrific eye for the kind of detail that can bring the past vividly to life off the page,’ wrote reviewer, Steve King. ‘He revels in the grim realities of the early colonists’ experience. There’s disease, famine, torture, cannibalism and every kind of deprivation imaginable. Milton’s findness for the faintly off-colour vignette makes for stomach-turning but compelling reading.’

The Sunday Times concluded: ‘Milton has amassed an impressive amount of information from original sources, and it is evidence from Elizabethan journals that makes this such a vivid story.’

There were a few detractors. Writing in The Guardian, Sukhdev Sandhu expressed admiration for Milton’s writing talents. ‘It’s almost impossible to summarise Milton’s book, from which marvelous, vivid stories spill out like swagsack booty.’ But he noted that the book did little to deconstruct the realities in Imperialism. ‘He [Milton] is in love with deeds not discourse, harking back to popular 19th century historians like J A Froude.

And John Adamson, writing in the Sunday Telegraph, also had reservations about the book. In an article entitled, ‘’History: the director’s cut’’, he argued that the book did not place enough demands on the reader. ‘All you have to do is sit back with your tub of popcorn and let the story unfold.’

Samurai William

Matthew Redhead, writing in The Times, said: ‘Giles Milton is a man who can take an event from history and make it come alive.... He has a genius for lively prose, and an appreciation for historical credibility. With Samurai William, he has crafted an inspiration for those of us who believe that history can be exciting and entertaining.’

In The Sunday Times, Katie Hickman concluded: ‘Giles Milton has once again shown himself to be a master of historical narrative. The story of William Adams is a gripping tale of Jacobean derring-do, a fizzing, real-life Boy’s Own adventure underpinned by genuine scholarship.’

Writing in The New York Review, the scholarly critic Jonathan Spence was impressed by Milton’s use of documentary source material. ‘Giles Milton presents [Adams’s story] with undisguised gusto. His notes and bibliography make it clear that he has absorbed much of the voluminous secondary literature on this period and on Adams himself.’

Anthony Thwaite, writing in The Sunday Telegraph, agreed that the book strength lay in its source material. ‘Giles Milton has been assiduous in searching through all the published sources ... if it brings more readers to the marvelous story of how West discovered East, and East discovered West, that’s good.’

In The New York Times, Susan Chira said that Milton had written ‘a vivid, scrupulously researched biography ... it is a sheer pleasure to read Milton’s vivid portraits of the small corps of foreigners who traded at the sufferance of Japanese feudal lords.’

The Washington Times agreed: ‘He [Milton] recounts in graphic detail — much from primary sources — the astounding hardships and hardihood of those explorers of a dangerous unknown.’

White Gold

Writing in The Independent, Benedict Allen picked it as one of his Books of the Year (2004). 'A romping tale of 18th-century sailors enslaved by Barbary seafarers and sold to a Moroccan tyrant. It has all the usual Miltonian ingredients: swift narrative and swashbuckling high-drama laid on a bed of historical grit.’

In his review in The Observer, Dan Neill, felt the strength of the book was its use of contemporary documents. ‘Drawing on letters, journals and manuscripts written by the slaves.... Milton has produced a disturbing account of the barbaric splendor of the imperial Moroccan court, which he brings to life with considerable panache... White Gold is an engrossing story, expertly told.’

In The Daily Mail, Peter Lewis called the book an ‘extraordinary, eye-opening and most readable revelation of a dark place and shameful episode in our history.’

Tim Ecott, writing in The Guardian, said the strength of the book lay in its two magnificent central characters, Thomas Pellow and Mulay Ismail. He concluded: ‘Milton has ingeniously retrieved and polished a hidden nugget from the remarkable treasure house of British history.’

Lucy Hughes-Hallett’s review in The Sunday Times concluded: ‘Milton’s story could scarcely be more action-packed and its setting and subsidiary characters are as fantastic as its events... Milton conjures up a horrifying but enthralling vision of the court of Moulay Ismail.’

In The Sunday Telegraph, Justin Marozzi, wrote: ‘White Gold is lively and diligently researched, a chronicle of cruelty on a grand scale... an unfailingly entertaining piece of history.’

Philip Hensher, writing in The Spectator, was skeptical of Milton’s portrayal of Moulay Ismail’s court, which he felt was too consonant with Western ideas of orientalism: ‘It is all a little too much like a fantasy by Ingres,’ he wrote. But he praised White Gold for being ‘extensively researched’ and concluded that it was ‘an exciting and sensational account of a really swashbuckling historical episode.’

Paradise Lost

Jeremy Seal, writing in The Daily Telegraph called Paradise Lost: 'A compelling story Milton's considerable achievement is to deliver with characteristic clarity and colour this complex epic narrative, Milton brings a commendable impartiality to his thoroughly researched book.

William Dalrymple, writing in The Sunday Times praised the book for both its impartial approach and its use of original source material written by the Levantine families of Smyrna.

'It is the lives of these dynasties, recorded in their diaries and letters, that form the focus for Giles Milton’s brilliant re-creation of the last days of Smyrna . . . Milton has written a grimly memorable book about one of the most important events in this process. It is well paced, even-handed and cleverly focused: through the prism of the Anglo-Levantines, he reconstructs both the prewar Edwardian glory of Smyrna and its tragic end. He also clears up, once and for all, who burnt Smyrna, producing irrefutable evidence that the Turkish army brought in thousands of barrels from the Petroleum Company of Smyrna and poured them over the streets and houses of all but the Turkish quarter.

The Spectator and Literary Review also praised the book for its even-handed approach to the controversial sack of Smyrna.

Writing in the Spectator, Philip Mansel called the book 'an indictment of nationalism Milton has gone where biographers of Ataturk and historians of Turkey, who often want Turkish official support, have feared to tread. He has reproduced accounts by individual Armenian, Greek and foreign eye-witnesses, as well as British sailors’ and consuls’ accounts. It is a much needed corrective to official history.

Adam Le Bor, writing in the Literary Review said: ‘Milton brings the past alive in this vivid, detailed and poignant book by drawing on family letters and archives, and first-hand interviews with those elderly survivors who remember Smyrna’s glory days.’

Alev Adil, writing in The Independent, said 'Giles Milton's engrossing account of the events leading up to the destruction of the city in 1922 is based largely on the previously unpublished letters and diaries of these Levantine dynasties. Milton's book celebrates the heroism of individuals who put lives before ideologies.'