Lucille Clifton (born Thelma Lucille Sayles) grew up in Depew, New York and attended Fosdick-Masten Park High School. She went on to study at Howard University from 1953 to 1955 and graduated from the State University of New York at Fredonia (near Buffalo) in 1955. In 1958 she married Fred James Clifton, a professor of Philosophy at the University of Buffalo and sculptor whose carvings depicted African faces. Lucille worked as a claims clerk in the New York State Division of Employment, Buffalo (1958—1960), and as literature assistant in the Office of Education in Washington, D.C. (1960—1971). Writer, Ishmael Reed, introduced Mrs.Clifton to her husband Fred while he was organizing The Buffalo Community Drama Workshop. Fred and Lucille Clifton starred in the group's version of "The Glass Menagerie" which was called "Poetic and Sensitive" by The Buffalo Evening News. In 1966, Reed took Mrs.Clifton's poetry to Langston Hughes who included them in his anthology "The Poetry Of The Negro."

Lucille Clifton traced her family's roots to the West African Kingdom of Dahomey, now the Republic of Benin. Growing up she was told by her mother, "Be proud, you're from Dahomey women!" She cites as one of her ancestors the first Black woman to be "legally hanged" for manslaughter in the state of Kentucky during the time of Slavery in the United States. Girls in her family are born with an extra finger on each hand, a genetic trait known as polydactyly. Lucille's two extra fingers were amputated surgically when she was a small child, a common practice at that time for reasons of superstition and social stigma. Her "two ghost fingers" and their activities became a theme in her poetry and other writings. Health problems in her later years included painful gout which gave her some difficulty in walking.

Her first poetry collection Good Times was published in 1969, and listed by The New York Times as one of the year's 10 best books. Her series of children's books about a young black boy began with 1970's Some of the Days of Everett Anderson. Everett Anderson, a recurring character in many of her books, spoke in authentic African-American dialect and dealt with real life social problems. From 1971 to 1974 Lucille Clifton was poet-in-residence at Coppin State College in Baltimore. From 1979 to 1985 she was Poet Laureate of the state of Maryland. From 1982 to 1983 she was visiting writer at Columbia University School of the Arts and at George Washington University. From 1985 to 1989, Clifton was a professor of literature and creative writing at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Since 1991, she has been Distinguished Professor of Humanities at St. Mary's College of Maryland. From 1995 to 1999, she was Visiting Professor at Columbia University. In 2006, she was a fellow at Dartmouth College and was featured in the book Bedrock: Writers on the Wonders of Geology edited by Lauret E. Savoy, Eldridge M. Moores, and Judith E. Moores (Trinity University Press) which looks at how writing pays tribute to the Earth's geological features. Clifton died on February 13, 2010. Studies about her life and writings include Wild Blessings: The Poetry of Lucille Clifton (LSU Press, 2004) by Hilary Holladay and Lucille Clifton: Her Life and Letters (Praeger, 2006) by Mary Jane Lupton.

She received a Creative Writing Fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1970 and 1973, and a grant from the Academy of American Poets. She has received the Charity Randall prize, the Jerome J. Shestack Prize from the American Poetry Review, and an Emmy Award. Her children's book, Everett Anderson’s Good-bye, won the 1984 Coretta Scott King Award. In 1988, she became the first author to have two books of poetry chosen as finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. For 1991/1992, she was awarded the Shelley Memorial Award. She received the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry in 1996. Her volume, Blessing the Boats: New and Collected Poems 1988—2000 won the National Book Award for Poetry in 2000. From 1999 to 2005, she served on the Board of Chancellors of the Academy of American Poets. In 2007, Clifton won the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize; the $100,000 prize honors a living U.S. poet whose "lifetime accomplishments warrant extraordinary recognition." Clifton is set to receive the Robert Frost Medal for lifetime achievement posthumously, from the Poetry Society of America

Poetry collections

• Good Times (Random House, New York, 1969)
• Good News About the Earth (Random House, New York, 1972)
• An Ordinary Woman (Random House, New York, 1974)
• Two-Headed Woman (University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1980)
• Good Woman: Poems and a Memoir: 1969—1980 (BOA Editions, Brockport, 1987)
• Next: New Poems (BOA Editions, Ltd., Brockport, 1987)
• Ten Oxherding Pictures (Moving Parts Press, Santa Cruz, 1988).
• Quilting: Poems 1987—1990 (BOA Editions, Ltd., Brockport, 1991)
• The Book of Light (Copper Canyon Press, Port Townsend, 1993)
• The Terrible Stories (BOA Editions, Brockport, 1996)
• Blessing The Boats: New and Collected Poems 1988—2000 (BOA Editions, Rochester, 2000)
• Mercy (BOA Editions, Rochester, 2004)
• Voices (BOA Editions, Rochester, 2008)

Poetry Anthologies suited for Children

• The Palm of My Heart: Poetry by African American Children (Amazon books) Introduction written by Lucille Clifton.
• My Black Me: A Beginning Book of Black Poetry (Amazon books) by Various and Arnold Adoff.
• A Poem of Her Own: Voices of American Women Yesterday and Today (Amazon books) by Catherine Clinton. Various poets.
• Black Stars: African American Women Writers (Amazon books) by Brenda Scott Wilkinson. Various poets.

Children's Books

• Three Wishes (Amazon Books)
• The Boy Who Didn't Believe In Spring (Amazon Books)
• The Lucky Stone (Amazon)
• The Times They Used To Be (Amazon)
• All Us Come Cross the Water (Amazon)
• My Friend Jacob (Amazon)
• Amifika (Amazon)
• Sonora the Beautiful (Amazon)
• The Black B C's (Amazon)

The Everett Anderson Series

• Everett Anderson's Goodbye (Amazon)
• One of the Problems of Everett Anderson (Amazon)
• Everett Anderson's Friend (Amazon)
• Everett Anderson'sChristmas Coming (Amazon)
• Everett Anderson's 1-2-3 (Amazon)
• Everett Anderson's Year (Amazon)
• Some of the Days of Everett Anderson (Amazon)
• Everett Andersson's Nine Month Long (Amazon)

Nonfiction

• Generations: A Memoir (Random House, New York, 1976)