Davidson was born to William Bluford Davidson, a teacher and school administrator, and Elma Wells Davidson, a music and elocution teacher. He received a classical education at Branham and Hughes preparatory school in Spring Hill, Tennessee.

He earned both his bachelor's (1917) and master's (1922) degrees at Vanderbilt University. He served as a lieutenant in the United States Army during World War I. In June 1918 he married Theresa Sherrer, a legal scholar and artist. Special Collections : Virtual Reading Room : Fugitives and Agrarians Biographical Sketches

Davidson received honorary doctorates from Cumberland University, Washington and Lee University, and Middlebury College.

While at Vanderbilt, Davidson became associated with the Fugitives, who met to read and criticize each other's verse. Later they founded a review of the same name, which launched the literary careers of the poets and critics John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren, the poet Laura Riding, and the poet and psychiatrist Merrill Moore.

Davidson published five volumes of poetry: An Outland Piper (1924), The Tall Men (1927), Lee in the Mountains and Other Poems (1938), The Long Street (1961), and Collected Poems: 1922-1961 (1966). Davidson enjoyed a national reputation as a poet, in part due to the inclusion of his dramatic monologue, "Lee in the Mountains", in early editions of the influential college literature textbook Understanding Poetry. Its editors were his former students Warren and Cleanth Brooks.

From 1923 to 1930, Davidson reviewed books and edited the Nashville Tennessean book page, where he assessed more than 370 books. The book page was well-respected and syndicated to other newspapers.

Around 1930, Davidson became the leader of the Southern Agrarians. He was chiefly responsible for the decision of the group to write essays, published as the Agrarian manifesto I'll Take My Stand. Davidson shared the Agrarians' distaste for industrial capitalism and its destructive effect on American culture. Davidson's romantic outlook, however, led him to interpret Agrarianism as a straightforward politics of identity. "American" identity had become "characterless and synthetic," he argued in 1933. He encouraged Americans to embrace their identities as "Rebels, Yankees, Westerners, New Englanders or what you will, bound by ties more generous than abstract institutions can express, rather than citizens of an Americanized nowhere, without family, kin, or home."

In 1931 Davidson began a long association with Middlebury College's Breadloaf School of English. He bought a house in Vermont where he did much of his later writing. He taught at the Breadloaf School every summer until his death. In 1939 his textbook, American Composition and Rhetoric, was published and widely adopted for English courses in American universities.

Perhaps most widely read today is Davidson's two-volume history: The Tennessee (1946 and 1948), in the Rivers of America series. The second volume is notable for its critique of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the impact of its dam-building and eminent-domain land seizure on local society.

In the 1950s, Davidson wrote a novel, The Big Ballad Jamboree, which went unpublished during his lifetime. It was published posthumously in 1996. He also chaired the pro-segregation group, the Tennessee Federation for Constitutional Government.

In 1952 his ballad opera, Singin' Billy, with music by Charles F. Bryan, was performed at the Vanderbilt Theater. A volume of essays, Still Rebels, Still Yankees, was published in 1957. A second volume of essays, Southern Writers in the New World, came out in 1958. His work as book page editor for the Nashville Tennessean was commemorated in 1963 with the publication of The Spyglass: Views and Reviews, 1924-1930.

Davidson retired from teaching in 1964. A comprehensive collection of his poetry, Poems: 1922-61, was published in 1966. "DONALD DAVIDSON", Tennessee Encyclopedia]